Life aboard the International Space Station (ISS) isn’t all high-tech heroics. Even small tasks can become significant challenges in zero gravity, especially while wearing thick, pressurized gloves. To save astronauts’ time and effort, NASA developed Robonauts, humanoid robots designed to mimic the movements of human arms, hands, and eyes.
The first model, Robonaut 1A, never made it to space but served as a key test platform at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston. Built from stainless steel, anodized aluminum, carbon fiber, nylon, and silicone-covered fabric, R1A lacked legs but could manipulate tools and perform fine motor tasks.
Robonaut 2, created in partnership with General Motors, launched in 2011 aboard a space shuttle. R2 is more compact and dexterous than its predecessor, with faster joints, enhanced cameras, and touch-sensitive fingers. Once aboard the ISS, astronauts guided the robot to perform routine chores – twisting valves, pressing buttons, and replacing air filters – tasks that are tedious but time-consuming for humans.
Engineers equipped R2 with two flexible legs to allow it to climb the station rails. However, a hardware malfunction in 2018 sent R2 back to Earth for repairs and upgrades. Despite the setback, Robonaut technology has already branched off into nearly 50 patents, with commercial applications in hospitals, factories, and warehouses on Earth.
NASA now has its sights set further. The space agency plans to send upgraded Robonauts on future missions to the Moon and Mars. These robotic teammates could assemble habitats before any crew arrives, perform maintenance during dust storms, or handle daily chores like the laundry. While human explorers remain essential, robots can take on the risks, making them vital partners in the next chapter of space exploration.