It might sound like science fiction, but in 2025, the Moon appeared on the World Monuments Fund’s (WMF) list of the most endangered cultural heritage sites. It marks the first time in the organization’s history that a location beyond Earth’s borders has been added, underscoring mounting concerns about how human activities may affect celestial bodies. With space tourism on the rise and more missions targeting the lunar surface, humanity now faces the unexpected challenge of preserving the Moon’s cultural landscape for generations to come.
Among such worries is the preservation of Tranquility Base, where Apollo 11 landed in 1969. From the mission, 106 artifacts remain, including astronaut footprints and the landing module, representing one of humanity’s most awe-inspiring achievements. Experts caution that increasing visits, whether for tourist or scientific objectives, could inadvertently harm these delicate landmarks. As WMF President Bénédicte de Montlaur noted, “The Moon seems so far outside of our scope, but with humans venturing more and more into space, we think it is the right time to get ourselves organized.”
One significant hurdle to lunar preservation is that no nation owns the Moon. While agreements like the Artemis Accords theoretically promote responsible conduct and protect space heritage, they are non-legally binding and lack explicit guidelines for safeguarding these sites. However, De Montlaur compared the situation to Antarctica, where iconic locations like Shackleton’s Hut received protection and support as Historic Sites or Monuments. This parallel shows that international cooperation is achievable, even in regions without formal ownership.
Besides the Moon, the 2025 WMF list includes threatened sites on Earth like the Swahili Coast in East Africa, historic lighthouses in Maine, United States, the Teacher’s House in Kyiv, Ukraine, and Gaza’s Church of St. Porphyrius. By highlighting both terrestrial and lunar landmarks, the WMF fosters collective efforts. Preserving the Moon’s cultural legacy ensures future generations can appreciate humanity’s greatest achievements in exploration – wherever they occur.